Ferdinand II invents the sealed thermometer. 

In response to Boyle's ideas, Franciscus Linus proposes a theory whereby a vacuum is explained by the creation of an invisible collection of thread-like "funniculus," which strive to hold nearby objects together. 

Richard Townley and Henry Power's experiments establishing the PV law for expansion (the so-called "Boyle's Law" or "Marriotte's Law"). 

Henry Power's book Experimental Philosophy, publishing early results on the PV law. 

Pierre Prévost's theory of heat and radiation exchange, stating that cold is the absence of heat, hot bodies radiate continually and that a lack of radiation indicates equilibrium with surroundings temperature. 

Jeremias Richter founds stoichiometry, the principle of fixed chemical reactions. 

Joseph-Louis Proust formulates that elements in a compound always combin in definite mass ratios (Proust's Law). 

John Dalton finds that two gases in the same region produce the same pressure as if they occupied the region alone, known as the law of partial pressures. 

Claude-Louis Berthollet demonstrates that reaction rates depend on both the amount of substances present as well as their affinities in his work Essay on Static Chemistry. 

William Henry finds that a gas's mass when dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the pressure (later known as Henry's law). 

Thomas Thomson's System of Chemistry contains the first published account of Dalton's ideas on atomic theory. 

Amedeo Avogadro formulates that all gases of a given volume have the same number of molecules, regardless of pressure or temperature (Avogadro's law). 

Jöns Jakob Berzelius states that electrical and chemical forces are one and the same and that atoms are electrically charged, in his work Theory of Chemical Proportions and the Chemical Action of Electricity. 

Delaroche and Bérard's measurements of specific heats at atmospheric pressure of a large number of gasses. Their measurements agreed with Laplace's predictions and remained a cornerstone for caloric theory. 

Thomas Johann Seebeck discovers a process by which heat is converted into electricity in the junction of some metals, known as theormoelectricity. 

Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827) publishes several papers refining an idea of Newton's that gasses are formed through repulsive interactions. 

Thomas Graham experimentally uncovers the law of gas diffusion, by which the rate of a gas's diffusion, squared, is proportional to its density. 

Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier shows that heat can be absorbed or given off when current is passed one way or the other across a junction between two different metals (knows as the Peltier effect). 

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)'s (1824-1907) On the Uniform Motion of Heat in Homogeneous Solid Bodies. 

John James Waterston anonymously publishes Thoughts on the Mental Functions containing in a note at the end a full and accurate account of the kinetic theory of gases. The work goes all but completely unread. 

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-94) publishes his On the Conservation of Energy. (Independently of Joule's publications.) 

John William Draper finds that all substances begin to glow around 525°C, starting in the red and eventually becoming white. 

Kelvin, in speaking of Carnot's theory, coins the term "thermodynamics." 

Joule and Kelvin shows that expanding gases become cooler in the process. 

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) derives from the second law of thermodynamics that objects cannot be distinguished by their thermal radiation at a given uniform temperature, one must also use reflected light. 

Bernoulli's paper republished due to renewed interest in kinetic theory. (Herapath henceforth goes into obscurity.) 

Van der Waals creates theory for the liquid to gas transition. 

Josef Loschmidt's (1821-95) "reversibility paradox" formulated, pointing out the irreversibility of Boltzmann's kinetic theory despite the underlying classical laws of physics remaining time-invariant. 

(Karl Paul Gottfried von Linde builds the first practical refrigerator using liquid ammonia.) 

Liquification of oxygen achieved, after nearly one hundred years of trying, by Cailletet (on Dec 2nd) and Raoul Pictet (on Dec 22nd). 

Gibbs coins the term "statistical mechanics" for the kinetic theory's treatment of thermodynamic issues. 

Emile Hilaire Amagat publishes The Laws of Gases of extensive experiments with gases under very high pressures. 

Weiss creates general theory of paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transitions. 

Pierre Weiss explains ferromagnetism by way of small domains of magnetic polarization within a material. 

Otto Sackur suggests at the Solvay Conference that phase space be divided into cells of volume h^3. 

Ladislaw Natanson proposes that Planck's law is the result of the indistinguishability of states of light quanta. 

Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885-1962) begins constructing atomic models which try to forge a connection with Planck's constant as a fundamental constant of quantization. 

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes experimentally finds that mercury will become superconductive when cooled very close to absolute zero. 

Einstein presents a paper showing that in the limit of high temperatures, a gas of indistinguishable Bose particles approaches the characteristics of a Boltzmann gas. 

de Broglie writes two papers in the Comptes rendus of the Paris Academy elaborating on a fundamental principle of wave-particle duality. The works mature into his 1925 doctoral thesis. 

Einstein, citing works by Bose and de Broglie, suggests that the analogy between quantum gases and molecular gases are complete, and that both photons and molecules have both particle and wave characteristics. He also points out that molecules at low temperatures cannot be considered independent entities, even in the absence of intermolecular forces. 

Samuel Goudsmit hypothesis an extra degree of freedom to electrons termed "spin" due to the mathematical similarity to classical spin. Later, with George Eugene Uhlenbeck (1900-1988), half-integer quantum numbers are introduced in the theory of the hydrogen atom. 

Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958) formulates the exclusion principle for the electron, accounting for a number of chemical properties in atoms and molecules. 

Planck devises a new derivation of thermodynamic formulas for Boltzmann gases using the formulations, 

Enrico Fermi derives the statistical properties of gases which obey the Pauli exclusion principle. 

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (1887-1961) developes a second formulation of quantum theory in terms of wave mechanics independently. 

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984) relates the symmetry of quantum mechanical wave functions to the statistics of Bose, Einstein and Fermi. He also derives the Planck distribution from first principles. 

Arthur Stanley Eddington's (1882-1944) The Internal Constitution of the Stars, relating the radiation pressure of stars to their luminosity. 

Robert Hutchings Goddard launches the first rocket, using liquid fuel and reaching a height of 184 feet and 60 miles per hour. 

Bohr pronounces his notion of complimentarity in quantum theory. 

Heisenberg formulates the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. 

Dirac comes up with a relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation for the electron. 

Lev Davidovich Landau (1908-1968) publishes his phenomenological mean-field treatment for phase transitions. 

Klaus von Klitzing discovers the quantum hall effect.